The Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence explained: this guide covers what it means, who it applies to, the step-by-step process, documents required, fees, due dates and penalties in India — so you can stay compliant with confidence and avoid costly mistakes.

Independence isn't a status you're granted once. It's a factual condition you re-certify every year — and one you can lose without doing anything at all, because a relative bought shares or your firm took on a new client.

The declaration is where that gets tested. And since 2022, the board can no longer just file it.

Under Section 149(7), an independent director gives a declaration that they meet the independence criteria at the first board meeting they attend, at the first board meeting of every financial year, and whenever circumstances change. For a listed entity, Regulation 25(8) adds that they must confirm they are independent of the management, and Regulation 25(9) requires the board to take it on record only after a due assessment of its veracity. Separately, Schedule IV requires you to tell the board immediately if you lose independence.

When it's due

Three triggers, and they're cumulative:

1. At the first board meeting in which you participate as a director. Before you vote on anything.
2. At the first board meeting of every financial year. Usually the April or May meeting.
3. Whenever there is any change in circumstances which may affect your status as an independent director.

The third trigger doesn't wait for a meeting cycle. Schedule IV puts it plainly: where circumstances arise that make an independent director lose their independence, they must immediately inform the Board.

So the annual declaration is a floor, not the whole obligation.

What it has to cover

The declaration confirms that you meet every limb of Section 149(6) — which means, in substance, confirming all of the following about the current and relevant preceding financial years:

For a listed entity, Regulation 25(8) adds an express confirmation that you are independent of the management, and the Regulation 16(1)(b) tests apply — promoter group exclusion, the board interlock bar, minimum age 21, and the three-year pecuniary look-back.

The board's duty to check

This is the requirement companies most often skip.

Regulation 25(9): the board of directors of a listed entity shall take on record the declaration and confirmation submitted by the independent director after undertaking due assessment of the veracity of the same.

"Due assessment" means something. At minimum the company secretary should be putting before the board:

• the register of related parties and MBP-4, checked against the declaration;
• related party transaction records for any payment to the director, their relatives, or a firm they're connected with;
• shareholding data for the director and, so far as known, their relatives;
• the director's other directorships and engagements, from their MBP-1 and the databank profile;
• confirmation that the databank registration is live and the proficiency test position is current.

A board that takes declarations on record without this has a documented process failure if the independence later turns out to have lapsed — and it's the kind of failure that reads very badly in hindsight.

The practical problem: your relatives

Several Section 149(6) tests turn on facts about your relatives' investments, borrowings and guarantees — facts you have no direct access to.

There is no clean solution, but there is a defensible practice:

• Obtain a written confirmation from each relative at appointment, covering securities held, indebtedness to the group, guarantees given, and any other pecuniary relationship.
• Refresh it annually, timed just before the first board meeting of the financial year.
• Keep the confirmations. Your declaration is only as good as the enquiry behind it, and "I asked, in writing, every year" is a materially stronger position than "I assumed."
• Note that the tests use face value for securities, not market value — a rising share price doesn't breach the limit, but a fresh purchase might.

What happens if independence lapses

You tell the board immediately. Not at the next scheduled meeting if the next meeting is months away — immediately, in writing.

You stop counting. A director who no longer meets the criteria cannot be counted towards the company's independent director requirement. If the company was at exactly one-third, it is now non-compliant from that date.

You don't automatically cease to be a director. Losing independence isn't a Section 167 vacation ground on its own. You remain a director; you're simply no longer an independent one. In practice, most people in this position resign, because the seat was created for an independent director and continuing changes the board's composition arithmetic without helping anyone.

You come off the committees that need you. Audit committee two-thirds independent, NRC two-thirds independent, RPT approval by independent directors only — all of these break at the same moment.

The company has to fix the composition. For a listed entity, within three months.

Key takeaways

• Three triggers: first meeting attended, first meeting of every financial year, and any change in circumstances.
• The change trigger is immediate under Schedule IV — don't wait for a meeting.
• Listed entities add a confirmation of being independent of the management.
• Regulation 25(9) requires the board to assess veracity — not just file the declaration.
• Get written confirmations from relatives, annually, and keep them.
• Losing independence doesn't vacate your office but stops you counting, and breaks the committees.
• Face value, not market value, is what the securities limits test.

Read next

• Independent Director Eligibility: Who Qualifies Under Section 149(6)
• DIR-2, DIR-8 and MBP-1: The Three Declarations Every Director Signs
• Regulation 25 of SEBI LODR: Every Obligation of an Independent Director
• Can a Promoter's Relative Be an Independent Director?

Law stated as on 5 September 2026. Where the Companies Act and the LODR differ — notably the two-year versus three-year pecuniary look-back — apply the stricter test if the company is listed.