Trademark Registration in India 2025: Complete Process, Classes and Protection

A trademark is a distinctive sign — word, logo, shape, colour, or combination — that identifies the goods or services of a business. The Trade Marks Act 1999 governs trademark registration in India, with the Trade Marks Registry under the CGPDTM handling applications. Registration gives the owner an exclusive right to use the mark and to take legal action against infringement.

What Can Be Registered as a Trademark?

• Words (brand names, surnames, invented words)
• Logos and device marks
• Slogans and taglines
• Combination of colours
• Shape of goods or packaging (3D marks)
• Sound marks and scent marks (less common)
• Cannot register: Purely descriptive marks, common geographic names, marks identical to existing registered marks, deceptive marks, marks against public policy

Nice Classification — 45 Classes

India follows the International Nice Classification with 45 classes — Classes 1-34 for goods and Classes 35-45 for services. A trademark is registered in specific classes. Key classes:

Step-by-Step Registration Process

1. Trademark Search: Search IP India database (ipindiaonline.gov.in) to check availability
2. Application Filing: File Form TM-A online with Rs. 4,500 (individual/startup) or Rs. 9,000 (company) fee per class
3. Examination: Trademark examiner issues examination report within 1-3 months — may raise objections (absolute or relative grounds)
4. Response to Examination Report: Reply to objections within 30 days (extendable)
5. Publication in TM Journal: If accepted, advertised in Trademark Journal for public opposition (4-month window)
6. Opposition Proceedings: Any person may oppose within 4 months. If opposed, both parties file evidence; Registrar decides.
7. Registration: If unopposed/opposition fails, Registrar issues Certificate of Registration. Valid for 10 years from application date.

Rights Conferred by Registration

• Exclusive right to use the mark in registered class(es)
• Right to sue for infringement (civil and criminal remedies)
• Presumption of validity in legal proceedings
• Right to license or assign the mark
• ® symbol can be used after registration (not before)

Renewal

Trademark must be renewed every 10 years (Form TM-R) from the registration date. Renewal can be done 1 year before expiry. If not renewed, the mark is removed from the register but can be restored within 6 months of removal.