What Is AS 3?
Accounting Standard 3 (AS 3), titled "Cash Flow Statements," was issued by the ICAI and requires enterprises to prepare and present a cash flow statement for each period for which financial statements are presented. The cash flow statement provides information about changes in cash and cash equivalents during a period, classified into operating, investing and financing activities.
While the profit and loss account shows profitability on an accrual basis, the cash flow statement reveals the actual cash position — helping users assess the enterprise's ability to generate cash and its needs to utilise those cash flows.
Applicability
AS 3 is mandatory for enterprises whose equity or debt securities are listed on a recognised stock exchange and for all other commercial, industrial and business reporting enterprises whose turnover exceeds Rs 50 crore in the immediately preceding accounting year. Other enterprises are encouraged to prepare cash flow statements voluntarily.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash comprises cash on hand and demand deposits with banks. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. An investment normally qualifies as a cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity — say, three months or less from the date of acquisition.
Classification of Cash Flows
1. Operating Activities
Operating activities are the principal revenue-producing activities of the enterprise and other activities that are not investing or financing activities. Cash flows from operating activities are a key indicator of the extent to which the operations have generated sufficient cash flows to repay loans, maintain operating capability, pay dividends and make new investments.
Examples include:
- Cash receipts from sale of goods and rendering of services
- Cash receipts from royalties, fees, commissions and other revenue
- Cash payments to suppliers for goods and services
- Cash payments to and on behalf of employees
- Cash payments or refunds of income taxes (unless specifically identified with investing or financing)
2. Investing Activities
Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash equivalents. These cash flows represent the extent to which expenditures have been made for resources intended to generate future income and cash flows.
Examples include:
- Cash payments to acquire property, plant and equipment, intangibles and other long-term assets
- Cash receipts from disposal of such assets
- Cash payments to acquire shares, debentures or debt instruments of other enterprises (other than cash equivalents)
- Cash receipts from disposal of such investments
- Advances and loans made to third parties and repayments thereof
3. Financing Activities
Financing activities are activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the owners' capital and borrowings of the enterprise. These flows are useful in predicting claims on future cash flows by providers of capital.
Examples include:
- Cash proceeds from issuing shares or other equity instruments
- Cash proceeds from issuing debentures, loans, notes, bonds and other borrowings
- Cash repayments of amounts borrowed
- Dividends paid (may also be classified under operating)
Direct Method vs Indirect Method
AS 3 permits two methods for reporting cash flows from operating activities:
| Parameter | Direct Method | Indirect Method |
|---|---|---|
| Approach | Discloses major classes of gross cash receipts and payments | Adjusts net profit/loss for non-cash items and changes in working capital |
| Starting Point | Cash receipts from customers | Net profit before tax |
| Adjustments | None — shows actual cash flows | Add back: depreciation, provisions, losses on asset disposal. Deduct: gains on asset disposal, interest income. Adjust for changes in debtors, creditors, inventory |
| Preference | Encouraged by AS 3 | More commonly used in practice |
Sample Cash Flow Statement (Indirect Method)
| Particulars | Amount (Rs) |
|---|---|
| A. Cash Flow from Operating Activities | |
| Net Profit before Tax | 5,00,000 |
| Add: Depreciation | 1,50,000 |
| Add: Interest Expense | 80,000 |
| Less: Interest Income | (20,000) |
| Operating Profit before Working Capital Changes | 7,10,000 |
| Decrease/(Increase) in Trade Receivables | (1,00,000) |
| Decrease/(Increase) in Inventories | (50,000) |
| Increase/(Decrease) in Trade Payables | 70,000 |
| Cash Generated from Operations | 6,30,000 |
| Less: Income Tax Paid | (1,20,000) |
| Net Cash from Operating Activities (A) | 5,10,000 |
| B. Cash Flow from Investing Activities | |
| Purchase of Plant & Machinery | (3,00,000) |
| Sale of Old Equipment | 50,000 |
| Interest Received | 20,000 |
| Net Cash from Investing Activities (B) | (2,30,000) |
| C. Cash Flow from Financing Activities | |
| Proceeds from Long-term Borrowings | 2,00,000 |
| Interest Paid | (80,000) |
| Dividends Paid | (1,00,000) |
| Net Cash from Financing Activities (C) | 20,000 |
| Net Increase in Cash (A+B+C) | 3,00,000 |
| Opening Cash & Cash Equivalents | 2,00,000 |
| Closing Cash & Cash Equivalents | 5,00,000 |
Treatment of Interest and Dividends
AS 3 allows flexibility in classifying interest and dividends:
- Interest paid — may be classified under operating or financing activities
- Interest received — may be classified under operating or investing activities
- Dividends paid — may be classified under operating or financing activities
- Dividends received — may be classified under operating or investing activities
The classification should be consistent from period to period.
Non-Cash Transactions
Investing and financing transactions that do not require the use of cash should be excluded from the cash flow statement but disclosed elsewhere in the financial statements. Examples include acquisition of assets through finance leases, conversion of debt to equity, and acquisition of an enterprise by means of issue of shares.
Disclosure Requirements
An enterprise should disclose the components of cash and cash equivalents and present a reconciliation of amounts in its cash flow statement with the equivalent items reported in the balance sheet. The enterprise should also disclose its policy for determining the composition of cash and cash equivalents.
Conclusion
AS 3 transforms the understanding of an enterprise's financial health by providing a clear picture of cash generation and utilisation. The cash flow statement complements the profit and loss account and balance sheet by answering the question every stakeholder asks — "Where did the cash come from, and where did it go?" Mastering AS 3 is essential for CA students, financial analysts, and business managers.
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